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Physics and philosophy

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1 Philosophy

   1) There Are Ideas That Have Their Own True and Immutable Nature

   And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)

   2) Examine What Is within Our Reach

   Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)

   3) Modern Philosophy Starts with the Cartesian Catastrophe

   As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)

   4) The Rightful Claims of Philosophy

   It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the inﬂuence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic inﬂuences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)

   5) The Philosophy of Philosophy

   Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)

   6) Philosophy Is a Field Which Has Certain Central Questions

   I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)

   7) The Central Task of Philosophy

   What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.

   This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).

   The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....

   Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)

   8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science

   In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)

   9) The Enduring Value of Philosophy

   Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....

   Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)

    10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- Control

   In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
2 physics

1. n физика

solid-state physics — физика твёрдого тела

marine physics — физика моря

ABC of physics — основы физики

plasma physics — физика плазмы

atomic physics — атомная физика

fluid physics — физика жидкостей

2. n учебник физики

statistical physics — статистическая физика

the fundamentals of physics — основы физики

theoretical physics — теоретическая физика

high energy physics — физика высоких энергий

mathematical physics — математическая физика

3. n уст. натурфилософия

Синонимический ряд:

1. cures (noun) cures; medicaments; medications; medicines; nostrums; remedies

2. nature (noun) fission; nature

3. science (noun) aerodynamics; applied mathematics; astrophysics; mechanics; natural philosophy; nuclear physics; science; science of matter and motion; thermodynamics

English-Russian base dictionary > physics
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■ Thorndike, E. L. (1970). Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. Darien, CT: Hafner Publishing Co. (Originally published in 1911.)

■ Titchener, E. B. (1910). A textbook of psychology. New York: Macmillan.

■ Titchener, E. B. (1914). A primer of psychology. New York: Macmillan.

■ Toulmin, S. (1957). The philosophy of science. London: Hutchinson.

■ Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organisation of memory. London: Academic Press.

■ Turing, A. (1946). In B. E. Carpenter & R. W. Doran (Eds.), ACE reports of 1946 and other papers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

■ Turkle, S. (1984). Computers and the second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster.

■ Tyler, S. A. (1978). The said and the unsaid: Mind, meaning, and culture. New York: Academic Press.

■ van Heijenoort (Ed.) (1967). From Frege to Goedel. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

■ Varela, F. J. (1984). The creative circle: Sketches on the natural history of circularity. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality (pp. 309-324). New York: W. W. Norton.

■ Voltaire (1961). On the Penseґs of M. Pascal. In Philosophical letters (pp. 119-146). E. Dilworth (Trans.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

■ Wagman, M. (1991a). Artificial intelligence and human cognition: A theoretical inter comparison of two realms of intellect. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1991b). Cognitive science and concepts of mind: Toward a general theory of human and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1993). Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence: Theory and re search in cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1995). The sciences of cognition: Theory and research in psychology and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1996). Human intellect and cognitive science: Toward a general unified theory of intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1997a). Cognitive science and the symbolic operations of human and artificial intelligence: Theory and research into the intellective processes. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1997b). The general unified theory of intelligence: Central conceptions and specific application to domains of cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1998a). Cognitive science and the mind- body problem: From philosophy to psychology to artificial intelligence to imaging of the brain. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1998b). Language and thought in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology, artificial intelligence, and neural science. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1998c). The ultimate objectives of artificial intelligence: Theoretical and research foundations, philosophical and psychological implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (1999). The human mind according to artificial intelligence: Theory, re search, and implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wagman, M. (2000). Scientific discovery processes in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.

■ Wall, R. (1972). Introduction to mathematical linguistics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

■ Wallas, G. (1926). The Art of Thought. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.

■ Wason, P. (1977). Self contradictions. In P. Johnson-Laird & P. Wason (Eds.), Thinking: Readings in cognitive science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

■ Wason, P. C., & P. N. Johnson-Laird. (1972). Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

■ Watson, J. (1930). Behaviorism. New York: W. W. Norton.

■ Watzlawick, P. (1984). Epilogue. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.

■ Weinberg, S. (1977). The first three minutes: A modern view of the origin of the uni verse. New York: Basic Books.

■ Weisberg, R. W. (1986). Creativity: Genius and other myths. New York: W. H. Freeman.

■ Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason: From judgment to cal culation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

■ Wertheimer, M. (1945). Productive thinking. New York: Harper & Bros.

■ Whitehead, A. N. (1925). Science and the modern world. New York: Macmillan.

■ Whorf, B. L. (1956). In J. B. Carroll (Ed.), Language, thought and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

■ Whyte, L. L. (1962). The unconscious before Freud. New York: Anchor Books.

■ Wiener, N. (1954). The human use of human beings. Boston: Houghton Mifﬂin.

■ Wiener, N. (1964). God & Golem, Inc.: A comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

■ Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding natural language. New York: Academic Press.

■ Winston, P. H. (1987). Artificial intelligence: A perspective. In E. L. Grimson & R. S. Patil (Eds.), AI in the 1980s and beyond (pp. 1-12). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

■ Winston, P. H. (Ed.) (1975). The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGrawHill.

■ Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

■ Wittgenstein, L. (1958). The blue and brown books. New York: Harper Colophon.

■ Woods, W. A. (1975). What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representations and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 35-84). New York: Academic Press.

■ Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: Holt; London: Methuen (1939).

■ Wundt, W. (1904). Principles of physiological psychology (Vol. 1). E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.

■ Wundt, W. (1907). Lectures on human and animal psychology. J. E. Creighton & E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.

■ Young, J. Z. (1978). Programs of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

■ Ziman, J. (1978). Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
4 doctorado

m.

doctorate.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: doctorarse.

* * *

doctorado

► nombre masculino

1 doctorate, PhD

* * *

noun m.

doctorate, PhD

* * *

SM doctorate, PhD

estudiante de doctorado — PhD student

* * *

masculino doctorate, PhD

* * *

= doctorate, PhD (Latín - Philosophiae Doctor), Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy), D. Phil (Doctor of Philosophy), earned doctorate.

Nota: Aquí earned se utiliza para indicar que se ha conseguido estudiando más que como mérito honorífico.

Ex. Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.

Ex. The pre-1959 literature focused on the question of whether degrees in other disciplines were likely to be of more value than the PhD in library science.

Ex. She achieved scholarly distinction with the attainment of the Ph.D. in history of science from the University of Pennsylvania.

Ex. The review process, conducted among members of staff and D. Phil students, is described and results analysed.

Ex. Less than 0.5% of the 100,000 women librarians in the USA have an earned doctorate.

----

* estudiante de doctorado = doctoral student, Ph.D. candidate, Ph.D. student, doctoral candidate, doctoral graduate.

* programa de doctorado = doctoral program(me), doctoral degree programme.

* que no ofrece doctorado = non-doctoral granting.

* * *

masculino doctorate, PhD

* * *

= doctorate, PhD (Latín - Philosophiae Doctor), Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy), D. Phil (Doctor of Philosophy), earned doctorate.

Nota: Aquí earned se utiliza para indicar que se ha conseguido estudiando más que como mérito honorífico.

Ex: Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.

Ex: The pre-1959 literature focused on the question of whether degrees in other disciplines were likely to be of more value than the PhD in library science.

Ex: She achieved scholarly distinction with the attainment of the Ph.D. in history of science from the University of Pennsylvania.

Ex: The review process, conducted among members of staff and D. Phil students, is described and results analysed.

Ex: Less than 0.5% of the 100,000 women librarians in the USA have an earned doctorate.

* estudiante de doctorado = doctoral student, Ph.D. candidate, Ph.D. student, doctoral candidate, doctoral graduate.

* programa de doctorado = doctoral program(me), doctoral degree programme.

* que no ofrece doctorado = non-doctoral granting.

* * *

doctorado

masculine

el doctorado le llevó 5 años it took her five years to do her doctorate o PhD

estudiante de doctorado PhD student, doctoral student ( frml)

* * *

Del verbo doctorar: ( conjugate doctorar)

doctorado es:

el participio

doctorado sustantivo masculino
doctorate, PhD
doctorado m Univ
1 doctorate
2 PhD (abr de Doctor of Philosophy)
' doctorado' also found in these entries:
English:
degree
- doctorate
- honorary doctorate
- PhD

* * *

doctorado nm

doctorate;

alumno/curso de doctorado doctoral student/course;

hacer/sacarse el doctorado to do/get one's PhD o doctorate

* * *

doctorado

m doctorate

* * *

doctorado nm

: doctorate

Spanish-English dictionary > doctorado
5 Wheatstone, Sir Charles

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

[br]

b. 1802 near Gloucester, England

d. 19 October 1875 Paris, France

[br]

English physicist, pioneer of electric telegraphy.

[br]

Wheatstone's family moved to London when he was 4 years old. He was educated at various schools in London and excelled in physics and mathematics. He qualified for a French prize but forfeited it because he was too shy to recite a speech in French at the prize-giving.

An uncle, also called Charles Wheatstone, has a musical instrument manufacturing business where young Charles went to work. He was fascinated by the science of music, but did not enjoy business life. After the uncle's death, Charles and his brother William took over the business. Charles developed and patented the concertina, which the firm assembled from parts made by "outworkers". He devoted much of his time to studying the physics of sound and mechanism of sound transmission through solids. He sent speech and music over considerable distances through solid rods and stretched wires, and envisaged communication at a distance. He concluded, however, that electrical methods were more promising.

In 1834 Wheatstone was appointed Professor of Experimental Philosophy—a part-time posi-tion—in the new King's College, London, which gave him some research facilities. He conducted experiments with a telegraph system using several miles of wire in the college corridors. Jointly with William Fothergill Cooke, in 1837 he obtained the first patent for a practical electric telegraph, and much of the remainder of his life was devoted to its improvement. In 1843 he gave a paper to the Royal Society surveying the state of electrical measurements and drew attention to a bridge circuit known ever since as the "Wheatstone bridge", although he clearly attributed it to S.H.Christie. Wheatstone devised the "ABC" telegraph, for use on private lines by anyone who could read, and a high-speed automatic telegraph which was adopted by the Post Office and used for many years. He also worked on the French and Belgian telegraph systems; he died when taken ill on a business visit to Paris.

[br]

Further Reading

B.Bowers, 1975, Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS, London: HMSO.

BB

Biographical history of technology > Wheatstone, Sir Charles
6 academic machismo

соц. академический мачизм*, засилье мужчин в образовании (доминирование мужского взгляда на мир в системе образования, выработка мужчинами академических программ)

In one corner reside the standard-bearers of academic machismo: the hard-nosed male professors of math and physics, economics and politics, as well as those stout-hearted men in English, history, and philosophy who have fought the good fight. — В одном углу находятся лидеры академического мачизма: реалистичные мужчины-профессора математики и физики, экономики и политики, так же как и стойкие преподаватели-мужчины английского языка, истории и философии, которые боролись за справедливое дело.

See:

macho, male gaze, malestream sociology

Англо-русский экономический словарь > academic machismo
7 Psychology

   1) The Knowledge of Ourselves

   We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)

   2) As a Science, Psychology Is Distinct

   The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)

   3) Psychology Can Never Be an Exact Natural Science

   Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)

   4) How a " Mathematical" Psychology May Be Realized in Practice

   It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)

   5) The Rights of Psychology as Science

   "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,

   6) The Study of Animal Psychology

   The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)

   7) The Behaviorist's Formulation

   The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)

   8) Man Is a Microcosm

   According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)

   9) Brief Overview of Psychology's History

   At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.

   In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.

   The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.

   Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)

    10) Psychological Research Is Not Building toward Systematic Clarity

   As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)

    11) Psychology as a Scientific Discipline

   The subject matter of psychology is as old as reﬂection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
8 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England

d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland

[br]

English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.

[br]

After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.

In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.

He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.

Bibliography

1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).

1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).

1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the

Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).

with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).

Further Reading

Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).

J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
9 Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 26 June 1824 Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)

d. 17 December 1907 Largs, Scotland

[br]

Irish physicist and inventor who contributed to submarine telegraphy and instrumentation.

[br]

After education at Glasgow University and Peterhouse, Cambridge, a period of study in France gave Thomson an interest in experimental work and instrumentation. He became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow in 1846 and retained the position for the rest of his career, establishing the first teaching laboratory in Britain.

Among his many contributions to science and engineering was his concept, introduced in 1848, of an "absolute" zero of temperature. Following on from the work of Joule, his investigations into the nature of heat led to the first successful liquefaction of gases such as hydrogen and helium, and later to the science of low-temperature physics.

Cable telegraphy gave an impetus to the scientific measurement of electrical quantities, and for many years Thomson was a member of the British Association Committee formed in 1861 to consider electrical standards and to develop units; these are still in use. Thomson first became Scientific Adviser to the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1857, sailing on the Agamemnon and Great Eastern during the cable-laying expeditions. He invented a mirror galvanometer and more importantly the siphon recorder, which, used as a very sensitive telegraph receiver, provided a permanent record of signals. He also laid down the design parameters of long submarine cables and discovered that the conductivity of copper was greatly affected by its purity. A major part of the success of the Atlantic cable in 1866 was due to Thomson, who received a knighthood for his contribution.

Other instruments he designed included a quadrant electrostatic voltmeter to measure high voltages, and his "multi-cellular" instrument for low voltages. They could be used on alternating or direct current and were free from temperature errors. His balances for precision current measurement were widely used in standardizing laboratories.

Thomson was a prolific writer of scientific papers on subjects across the whole spectrum of physics; between 1855 and 1866 he published some 110 papers, with a total during his life of over 600. In 1892 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kelvin of Largs. By the time of his death he was looked upon as the "father" of British physics, but despite his outstanding achievements his later years were spent resisting change and progress.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1866. Created Lord Kelvin of Largs 1892. FRS 1851. President, Royal Society 1890–4. An original member of the Order of Merit 1902. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1874. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1889 and 1907. Royal Society Royal Medal 1856, Copley Medal 1883.

Bibliography

1872, Reprints of Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism, London; 1911, Mathematical and Physical Papers, 6 vols, Cambridge (collections of Thomson's papers).

Further Reading

Silvanus P.Thompson, 1910, The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, 2 vols, London (an uncritical biography).

D.B.Wilson, 1987, Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics, Bristol (provides a present-day commentary on all aspects of Thomson's work).

J.G.Crowther, 1962, British Scientists of the 19th Century, London, pp. 199–257 (a short critical biography).

GW

Biographical history of technology > Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin
10 doctor

adj.

doctor, Dr..

m.

1 doctor, Doc, clinician, physician.

2 Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D..

* * *

doctor

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 doctor

■ es doctor en físicas he's a doctor of physics

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

doctor,-ra honoris causa honorary doctor

* * *

(f. - doctora)

noun

doctor

* * *
doctor, -a
1.

SM / F (Med, Univ) doctor

fue investido doctor honoris causa — he was made an honorary doctor

- doctores tiene la Iglesia

doctor(a) en derecho — doctor of laws

doctor(a) en filosofía — Doctor of Philosophy

2.

SM (Rel) father, saint

* * *

- tora masculino, femenino doctor

doctor en derecho/filosofía — Doctor of Law/Philosophy

- doctor honoris causa

* * *

- tora masculino, femenino doctor

doctor en derecho/filosofía — Doctor of Law/Philosophy

- doctor honoris causa

* * *

Doctor (Dr.)

= Doctor (Dr.), doctor (MD), doctor.

Ex: He is the recipient of the Margaret Man Citation, the Beta Phi Award for good teaching and the honorary Doctor of Laws from UCLA.

Ex: This programme aims to put doctors and nurses back in the driving seat in managing their resources and information.

Ex: Sometimes librarians have to explain to enquirers who will almost certainly not believe them that ostriches do not put their heads in the sand, that in Britain at least, doctors do not take the Hippocratic oath, and that both the yeti and Sweeney Todd's baber's shop are fiction.

* doctor en medicina = medical doctor.

* doctor honoris causa = honorary doctorate, doctor honoris causa, doctoral honorary degree.

* título de doctor = doctor's degree, doctoral degree.

* * *

doctor - tora

masculine, feminine

1 ( Med) doctor

¿a qué hora podrá venir, doctor? what time will you be able to come, Doctor?

¿ha venido hoy la doctora Pascual? is Doctor o Dr Pascual here today?

2 ( Educ) doctor

doctor en derecho Doctor of Law

doctor en filosofía Doctor of Philosophy

3 ( Relig) doctor

doctor de la Iglesia Doctor of the Church

Compuesto:

doctor honoris causa

honorary doctor

* * *

Multiple Entries:
Dr.
doctor
Dr. sustantivo masculino (
◊ Doctor) Dr

doctor -tora sustantivo masculino, femenino
doctor;
doctor en derecho Doctor of Law
doctor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino doctor
doctor de la Iglesia, Doctor of the Church

' doctor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- alterna
- alterno
- avisar
- cabecera
- consulta
- convencer
- diagnosticar
- doctora
- doctorado
- Dr
- Dra
- facultativa
- facultativo
- fonendo
- fonendoscopio
- ir
- intubar
- médica
- médico
- negligencia
- prescripción
- recalcar
- recibir
- regularmente
- tamtan
- titular1
- yerbatera
- yerbatero
- amañar
- atender
- auscultar
- buscar
- citar
- coger
- curandero
- Dr.
- el
- en
- hacer
- hechicero
- ingresar
- mandar
- negar
- puericultor
- suplente
- sustituto
- ver
English:
A
- address
- advise
- be
- doctor
- DPhil
- Dr
- family doctor
- for
- have in
- insist
- let through
- LLD
- MD
- medication
- PhD
- practice
- practise
- prescribe
- should
- spot
- stop by
- woman
- appointment
- call
- consultation
- duty
- examination
- fee
- get
- home
- make
- pronounce
- put
- quack
- round
- see
- send
- spin
- strike
- study
- summon
- surgery
- want
- way
- witch

* * *

doctor, -ora

♦ nm,f

1. [de universidad] doctor (en of);
doctor en derecho/psicología (por la Universidad de…) doctor of law/psychology (from the University of…);

Comp

doctores tiene la Iglesia there are others more qualified to give an opinion than I am

Comp
doctor honoris causa honorary doctor;
ser doctor honoris causa (por la Universidad de…) to have an honorary doctorate (from the University of…)

2. [médico] doctor;

¿es grave, doctor? is it serious, doctor?;

la doctora Piñán le atenderá enseguida Dr Piñán will see you directly

♦ nm
Am sir;
¿qué se va a servir, doctor? how can I help you, sir?

* * *

doctor

m, doctora f doctor

* * *

doctor, - tora n

: doctor

* * *

doctor n doctor

Spanish-English dictionary > doctor
11 Lippman, Gabriel

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 16 August 1845 Hallerick, Luxembourg

d. 14 July 1921 at sea, in the North Atlantic

[br]

French physicist who developed interference colour photography.

[br]

Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.

In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Royal Photographic Society Progress Medal 1897. Nobel Prize (for his work in interference colour photography) 1908.

Further Reading

J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston.

Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Lippman, Gabriel
12 fuerte

adj.

1 strong (persona, viento).

un medicamento muy fuerte a very powerful medicine

2 heavy (food) (pesado).

3 loud (alto) (sonido).

está demasiado fuerte it's on too loud

4 tight (nudo).

5 strong.

es una empresa fuerte en el sector the company's strong in this sector

una moneda fuerte a strong currency

6 large, considerable (grande) (cantidad).

una fuerte presencia de artistas europeos a large contingent of European artists

adv.

1 hard (intensamente).

2 a lot (abundantemente) (comer).

3 loudly.

4 strong.

m.

1 fort.

2 strong point, forte (punto fuerte).

su fuerte son las matemáticas mathematics is his forte

3 fortress, fort, bastille, fortification.

* * *

fuerte

► adjetivo

1 (gen) strong

■ un café bien fuerte a good strong coffee

■ un fuerte olor a gas a strong smell of gas

■ tiene un sabor fuerte it has a strong taste

■ una cuerda fuerte a strong rope

■ un acento vasco fuerte a strong Basque accent

■ el euro está muy fuerte the euro is very strong

■ hay una fuerte conexión entre los dos there is a strong connection between them

2 (en asignatura) strong, good

■ está muy fuerte en historia she's very strong on history

3 (viento) strong; (lluvia, nevada) heavy; (tormenta, seísmo) severe; (calor) intense

■ vientos fuertes del norte strong northerly winds

■ los fuertes calores del verano the intense summer heat

4 (escena - violento) violent; (- escandaloso) shocking; (- inquietante) disturbing

5 (dolor, enfermedad) severe, bad

■ una fuerte colitis a severe stomach infection

■ una jaqueca fuerte a splitting headache

6 (golpe) hard, heavy

7 (sonido) loud

8 (subida) steep, sharp; (bajada) sharp

■ el fuerte aumento del paro the steep rise in unemployment

■ un fuerte descenso en el precio del petróleo a sharp fall in the price of oil

9 (discusión) heated, violent; (protesta) violent, vigorous; (polémica) bitter; (aplauso) loud, thunderous

10 (presión) intense; (influencia) powerful, strong

11 (suma de dinero) large

■ pagaron una fuerte suma de dinero they paid a large sum of money

■ tuvo que hacer un fuerte desembolso he had to spend a great deal of money

■ esto requiere una fuerte inversión this requires large-scale investment

12 (comida - pesado) heavy; (- cargado) rich

■ no le gustan las cenas muy fuertes he doesn't like heavy suppers

■ este guiso lo encuentro un poco fuerte I find this stew a little rich

13 (color) intense

14 (contraste) marked, sharp; (tendency) strong, marked

15 (cosa fija) stiff, tight

16 familiar (terrible) awful

► nombre masculino

1 (fortificación) fort

2 (punto fuerte) forte, strong point

► adverbio

1 (mucho) a lot

■ comer fuerte to eat a lot

2 (con fuerza) hard

■ empuja fuerte push hard

■ llovía fuerte it was raining hard

■ le pegó fuerte she hit him hard

3 (volumen) loud

■ la música sonaba fuerte the music was loud

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

¡abrázame fuerte! hold me tight!

estar fuerte en algo to be good at something

¡habla más fuerte! speak up!

* * *
1. adv.
1) hard

2) loudly
2. adj.
1) strong

2) loud
3. noun m.
fort

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [persona]

a) [físicamente] [gen] strong; (=robusto) sturdy, powerfully built; euf (=obeso) large

- fuerte como un roble o un toro

b) [emocionalmente] strong, tough

hemos de ser fuertes ante la adversidad — we must be strong o tough in the face of adversity

c)

estar fuerte en filosofía/historia — [estudiante] to be strong in philosophy/history

2) (=intenso)

a) [sabor, olor, viento] strong; [dolor, calor] intense; [lluvia] heavy; [ejercicio] strenuous

b) [explosión, voz, ruido] loud; [golpe] heavy, hard; [acento] strong, thick

c) [color] (=no pálido) strong; (=llamativo) bright

una blusa de un rosa fuerte — a bright pink blouse

d) [impresión] strong, powerful; [deseo] strong, deep; [fe, objeción] strong; [discusión] heated

los vecinos tuvieron una discusión muy fuerte — the neighbours had a heated argument

en la película se oyen expresiones muy fuertes — the film contains strong language

el taco más fuerte que ha pronunciado — the worst swearword he has ever said

e) [abrazo, beso] big

un beso muy fuerte — [en cartas] lots of love

un fuerte abrazo, Carmen — best wishes, Carmen; [más cariñoso] love, Carmen

3) [bebida, medicamento] strong; [comida] (=pesada) heavy; (=indigesta) indigestible

nunca toma cosas fuertes, solo cerveza y vino — he never drinks spirits o the hard stuff *, just beer and wine

4) (=resistente) [cuerda, tela] strong; [economía, moneda, país] strong

5) (=importante) [aumento, bajada] sharp; [crisis] serious, severe; [pérdidas] large, substantial

la fuerte caída de ventas — the sharp drop in sales

6) (=impactante) [escena] shocking, disturbing

me dijo cosas muy fuertes que no podría repetir ahora — she said some harsh o nasty * things that I couldn't repeat now

-lo llamó a la oficina y lo despidió en el acto -¡qué fuerte! — * "he called him at the office and fired him there and then" - "that's outrageous o appalling!"

7)

hacerse fuerte — (=protegerse) to hole up; (=volverse fuerte) to gain strength

un comando se hizo fuerte en las montañas — a group of commandos holed up in the mountains

el fundamentalismo se hace fuerte otra vez — fundamentalism is gaining strength again

8) [terreno] rough, difficult

9) Chile (=apestoso) [persona] stinky

ser o estar fuerte a algo — to stink of sth

2. ADV

1) (=con fuerza) [golpear] hard; [abrazar] tight, tightly

pegar fuerte al enemigo — to hit the enemy hard

apostar fuerte — to bet heavily

la editorial ha apostado fuerte por los nuevos poetas — the publishing house is backing new poets in a big way

jugar fuerte — (lit) to gamble heavily; (fig) to take a gamble

2) (=en voz alta) [hablar, tocar] loud, loudly

toca muy fuerte — she plays very loud o loudly

¡más fuerte! ¡que no se le oye aquí atrás! — speak up! we can't hear at the back

poner la radio más fuerte — to turn the radio up

3) (=gran cantidad)

desayunar fuerte — to have a big breakfast

comer fuerte — to have a big lunch

3. SM

1) (Mil) fort

2) (Mús) forte

3) (=especialidad) forte, strong point

el canto no es mi fuerte — singing is not my forte o strong point

4) Chile (=bebida) hard liquor, hard stuff *

* * *
I
adjetivo

1) < persona>

a) ( físicamente) strong

de complexión fuerte — well-built

es un hombre fuertísimo or fortísimo — he's an exeptionally strong man

b) ( moralmente) strong

hacerse fuerte — to pull oneself together

c) ( en asignatura) strong

no estoy muy fuerte en ese tema/en física — I'm not very strong on that topic/in physics (colloq)

2) ( resistente) <tela/cuerda> strong

una silla bien fuerte — a good sturdy chair

3)

a) < viento> strong; < terremoto> severe; <lluvia/nevada> heavy

b) < dolor> intense, bad; < resfriado> bad

un fuerte golpe — a heavy o hard blow

c) <abrazo/beso> big

4) < ruido> loud

la música está muy fuerte — the music's too loud

5)

a) <olor/sabor> strong

b) <licor/medicina> strong

c) < comida> heavy

6) < acento> strong, thick

7) ( violento) < discusión> violent, heated

tiene escenas muy fuertes — it has some very shocking scenes

me dijo que era un inútil - qué fuerte! — (fam) he said I was useless - that's a bit much (AmE) o (BrE) a bit over the top!

8)

a) ( poderoso) <nación/empresa/equipo> strong

es más fuerte que yo — it's stronger than I am

b) < moneda> strong

c) ( importante)

una fuerte suma de dinero — a large sum of money

un fuerte contingente de la policía — a strong police contingent

un fuerte incremento de precio — a sharp price increase

una fuerte dosis de analgésicos — a heavy dose of painkillers

9) (Ling) < vocal> stressed
II
adverbio

1) <golpear/empujar> hard; <agarrar/apretar> tightly; < llover> heavily

una canción que está pegando fuerte — a song that's a big hit at the moment

2) < hablar> loudly

pon la radio más fuerte — turn the radio up

hable más fuerte — speak up

3) ( mucho)

desayunar fuerte — to have a big breakfast

4) <jugar/apostar> heavily
III
masculino

1) (Mil) fort

2) ( especialidad) strong point, forte

* * *
I
adjetivo

1) < persona>

a) ( físicamente) strong

de complexión fuerte — well-built

es un hombre fuertísimo or fortísimo — he's an exeptionally strong man

b) ( moralmente) strong

hacerse fuerte — to pull oneself together

c) ( en asignatura) strong

no estoy muy fuerte en ese tema/en física — I'm not very strong on that topic/in physics (colloq)

2) ( resistente) <tela/cuerda> strong

una silla bien fuerte — a good sturdy chair

3)

a) < viento> strong; < terremoto> severe; <lluvia/nevada> heavy

b) < dolor> intense, bad; < resfriado> bad

un fuerte golpe — a heavy o hard blow

c) <abrazo/beso> big

4) < ruido> loud

la música está muy fuerte — the music's too loud

5)

a) <olor/sabor> strong

b) <licor/medicina> strong

c) < comida> heavy

6) < acento> strong, thick

7) ( violento) < discusión> violent, heated

tiene escenas muy fuertes — it has some very shocking scenes

me dijo que era un inútil - qué fuerte! — (fam) he said I was useless - that's a bit much (AmE) o (BrE) a bit over the top!

8)

a) ( poderoso) <nación/empresa/equipo> strong

es más fuerte que yo — it's stronger than I am

b) < moneda> strong

c) ( importante)

una fuerte suma de dinero — a large sum of money

un fuerte contingente de la policía — a strong police contingent

un fuerte incremento de precio — a sharp price increase

una fuerte dosis de analgésicos — a heavy dose of painkillers

9) (Ling) < vocal> stressed
II
adverbio

1) <golpear/empujar> hard; <agarrar/apretar> tightly; < llover> heavily

una canción que está pegando fuerte — a song that's a big hit at the moment

2) < hablar> loudly

pon la radio más fuerte — turn the radio up

hable más fuerte — speak up

3) ( mucho)

desayunar fuerte — to have a big breakfast

4) <jugar/apostar> heavily
III
masculino

1) (Mil) fort

2) ( especialidad) strong point, forte

* * *

fuerte¹

¹ = fort (ft).

Ex: Had he consulted an Indian history, he would have found, for instance, that what the Britannica called the Fort Phil Kearney massacre the Indians call the 'Battle of the Hundred Slain'.

* defender el fuerte = hold + the fortress.

fuerte²

² = robust, strong [stronger -comp., strongest -sup.], sturdy [sturdier -comp., sturdiest -sup.], loud [louder -comp., loudest -sup.], hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], forte, brawny [brawnier -comp., brawniest -sup.], buoyant, hard-wearing, strong point, nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].

Nota: Generalmente referido a los sabores.

Ex: Although microcomputers are relatively robust, they do not take kindly to frequent moves from one location to another, particularly on wheeled trollies.

Ex: In fact, the 1979 index figures show a strong contrast between the hardback and paperback turnovers, with the hardback market being down and the paperback market up.

Ex: Here came every sort of human ingredient -- sturdy homesteaders, skilled craftsmen, precious scoundrels.

Ex: Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking and groaning of the presses as the timbers gave and rubbed against each other.

Ex: This new font had increased contrast and x-height in the lower case and a hefty set of capitals = Este nuevo tipo de letra había aumentado el contraste y el ojo medio de las minúsculas y las mayúsculas eran voluminosas.

Ex: The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.

Ex: Statistical analysis has long been a forte of sociological & social research.

Ex: This revolutionary syndicalist union consistently supported the most downtrodden & oppressed, & encouraged a cult of the unspoiled, heroic brawny proletarian with raw courage & 'natural' virtues.

Ex: The foreign relations of the Community will probably remain a buoyant area.

Ex: The manufacturers of this type of artificial turf say that while the grass is soft and springy underfoot it is extremely tough and hard-wearing.

Ex: One of the strong points of the DIALOG service is the documentation.

Ex: Blend cream cheese with prepared horseradish for a nippy taste.

* amarillo fuerte = bright yellow.

* andar pisando fuerte = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact.

* apretar fuerte = bear down on.

* bebida alcohólica fuerte = hard drink, hard liquor.

* caja fuerte = safe, safety deposit box.

* combinación de la caja fuerte = safe code, safe combination.

* con fuertes aspiraciones profesionales = upward-mobile.

* dar fuerte = pack + a wallop.

* delgado y fuerte = wiry.

* demasiado fuerte = over-strong.

* de olor fuerte = strong-smelling.

* fuerte como un roble = as strong as an ox.

* fuerte como un toro = as strong as an ox.

* fuertes lluvias = heavy rain.

* fuerte viento = strong wind.

* golpear fuerte = wallop, whack.

* golpe fuerte = whack.

* hacer más fuerte = toughen.

* hacerse más fuerte = gain in + strength, grow in + strength.

* iluminación fuerte = task lighting.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* mar fuerte = heavy sea.

* más fuerte que un roble = as strong as an ox.

* más fuerte que un toro = as strong as an ox.

* naranja fuerte = bright orange.

* olor fuerte y penetrante = tang.

* pegar fuerte = pack + a wallop.

* pisar fuerte = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact, stomp.

* plato fuerte = main dish, strong point, entrée, main entrée.

* poner más fuerte = crank up.

* punto fuerte = strength.

* sabor fuerte y penetrante = tang.

* supervivencia del más fuerte = survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* tener una personalidad muy fuerte = be full of character.

* tener un carácter muy fuerte = be full of character.

* un fuerte sentimiento de = a strong sense of.

* viento fuerte = high wind.

fuerte³

³ = tangy [tangier - comp., tangiest -sup.].

Ex: The most boring meal can be pepped up with spicy and tangy herbs.

* * *

fuerte¹

adjective

A ‹persona›

1 (físicamente) strong

nunca ha sido muy fuerte he has never been very strong

es un hombre fuertísimo or fortísimo he's an exceptionally strong man

de complexión fuerte well-built

2 (moralmente) strong

hacerse fuerte to pull oneself together

3 (en una asignatura) strong

no estoy muy fuerte en ese tema I'm not very strong on o well up on that topic ( colloq)

anda muy fuerte en física he's doing very well in physics

B (resistente) ‹tela/cuerda› strong

una caja bien fuerte a good, sturdy o strong box

una valla alta y fuerte a tall, sturdy o strong fence

C

1 ‹viento› strong; ‹terremoto› severe; ‹lluvia/nevada› heavy

2 ‹dolor› intense, bad; ‹resfriado› bad

un fuerte golpe a heavy o hard blow

reinaba un fuerte nerviosismo tension was high

3 ‹abrazo/beso› big

D ‹ruido› loud

la radio está muy fuerte, bájale el volumen the radio's too loud, turn it down

E

1 ‹olor/sabor› strong

2 ‹licor› strong; ‹medicina› strong

3 ‹comida› heavy

F ‹acento› strong, thick

G

(violento): tiene escenas muy fuertes it has some very shocking o disturbing scenes

me dijo que no valía para nada — ¡qué fuerte! ( fam); he said I was absolutely useless — strong o harsh words!

tuvieron una discusión fortísima or fuertísima they had a violent o heated argument

H

1 (poderoso) ‹nación/empresa/equipo› strong

es algo más fuerte que yo, no puedo dejar de hacerlo it's stronger than I am, I can't stop o give it up

2 ‹moneda› strong

3

(importante): una fuerte suma de dinero a large sum of money

un fuerte contingente de la policía a strong police contingent

un fuerte incremento de precio a sharp price increase

le recetó una fuerte dosis de analgésicos she prescribed a heavy dose of painkillers

I ( Ling) ‹vocal› stressed

J

( Chi fam) (hediondo): ¡qué fuerte andas! you stink! ( colloq)

es fuerte de patas his feet stink ( colloq)

fuerte²

adverb

A ‹golpear/empujar› hard; ‹agarrar/apretar› tightly; ‹llover› heavily

una canción que está pegando fuerte a song that's a big hit at the moment

B ‹hablar› loudly

pon la radio más fuerte turn the radio up

hable más fuerte speak up

C

(abundantemente): desayunar fuerte to have a big breakfast

D ‹jugar/apostar› heavily

fuerte³

masculine

A ( Mil) fort

B (especialidad) strong point, forte

C ( Chi fam) (licor) hard stuff ( colloq)

* * *

fuerte adjetivo
1 ( en general) strong;
◊ un equipo/una cuerda fuerte a strong team/rope

2
a) ‹ viento› strong;

‹ terremoto› severe;
‹lluvia/nevada› heavy
b) ‹ dolor› intense, bad;

‹ golpe› heavy;
‹ resfriado› bad;
‹abrazo/beso› big
c) ‹ruido/música› loud

d) ‹olor/sabor/medicina› strong;

‹comida/dosis› heavy
e) ‹ acento› strong, thick

3 ( violento) ‹ discusión› violent, heated;
‹película/escena› shocking
■ adverbio
1 ‹golpear/empujar› hard;
‹agarrar/apretar› tightly;
‹ llover› heavily
2 ‹ hablar› loudly;
◊ pon la radio más fuerte turn the radio up;

habla más fuerte speak up
■ sustantivo masculino
a) (Mil) fort

b) ( especialidad) strong point, forte

fuerte
I adjetivo
1 strong
2 (intenso) (dolor) severe
(color) intense
3 (excesivo) strong
(comida) heavy: el café es muy fuerte para la niña, coffee is too strong for the child
4 (volumen) loud
5 (impactante) (escenas) violent, grisly
(comentarios) serious
II sustantivo masculino
1 (fortificación) fort
2 (punto fuerte) forte, strong point
III adv (con fuerza, con violencia) hard: el viento sopla fuerte, the wind is blowing hard
(con intensidad, apretadamente) tight: ¡agárrate fuerte!, hold on tight!
(en cantidad) tienes que desayunar fuerte, you have to have a good breakfast
(más alto) louder: ¡habla más fuerte!, speak up!
' fuerte' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- acento
- agarrarse
- animal
- caja
- campeonato
- conmoción
- débil
- diezmar
- dirigir
- espanto
- estirón
- férrea
- férreo
- frágil
- fulminante
- grande
- hacer
- opresión
- pisar
- plato
- relumbrón
- resistente
- reventar
- sacudida
- suave
- sujetar
- tirón
- torta
- tortazo
- trompazo
- viento
- abrazar
- agarrar
- apariencia
- bajón
- caer
- carácter
- codazo
- combinación
- comida
- constitución
- crecida
- dispositivo
- estridente
- fortín
- golpe
- impulso
- indignación
- indignado
English:
A
- agony
- ale
- aloud
- backbone
- bad
- balance
- bang
- bash
- beat down
- best
- blare
- bond
- boo
- break into
- burly
- crack
- dish
- fluid
- forte
- fresh
- fuck
- great
- grip
- hard
- hard currency
- heady
- heavy
- high
- highlight
- hold
- hold on
- hug
- iron
- keen
- liaison
- loud
- lung
- must
- point
- potent
- powerful
- press
- resilient
- robust
- rugged
- safe
- sing up
- slight
- slog

* * *

fuerte

♦ adj

1. [persona] [físicamente] strong;

Comp

estar fuerte como un roble to be as strong as an ox

2. [persona] [psicológicamente] strong;

tiene un carácter muy fuerte she has a strong character

3.
hacerse fuerte en Mil to make one's stronghold in;
Fig
el equipo se hizo fuerte en su área the team fell back into their own half

4. [material] strong;

necesito un tejido fuerte I need a strong material

5. [viento] strong;
[lluvia] heavy
6. [intenso] [frío, dolor, color] intense;
[golpe, pelea] hard
7. [medicamento] powerful

8. [influyente, sólido] strong;

es una empresa fuerte en el sector the company's strong in this sector;

una moneda fuerte a strong currency;

fuertes razones powerful reasons

9. [violento, impactante] powerful, shocking;

lenguaje fuerte strong language;

un chiste fuerte a crude joke;

algunas de las escenas son muy fuertes some of the scenes are very shocking

10. [grande] large, considerable;

una fuerte cantidad de dinero a large o considerable amount of money;

una fuerte presencia de artistas caribeños a large contingent of Caribbean artists

11. [comida] [pesado] heavy;
[picante] hot
12. [nudo] tight

13. [sílaba] accented, stressed

14. [vocal] strong

15. [versado]
estoy fuerte en idiomas I'm good at languages

16. [alto] [sonido] loud;

la televisión está demasiado fuerte the television is on too loud

17. Fam [increíble] astonishing, amazing;

¡qué fuerte! [fabuloso] wow!, amazing!;
[terrible] how awful!, oh no!;
…y después me insultó – ¡qué fuerte! …and then he insulted me – that's awful o terrible!

♦ adv

1. [intensamente] hard;
[abrazar, agarrar] tight;
está nevando fuerte it's snowing hard o heavily;

lo ató bien fuerte she tied it tight;

chuta fuerte he has a powerful kick

2. [abundantemente] a lot;

en España se suele almorzar fuerte in Spain, people usually have a big meal at lunchtime

3. [en voz alta] loudly;

¿podría hablar más fuerte? could you speak louder?

♦ nm

1. [fortificación] fort

2. [especialidad] strong point, forte;

su fuerte son las matemáticas mathematics is his forte

* * *

fuerte

I adj

1 strong

2 dolor intense; lluvia heavy

3 aumento sharp

4 ruido loud

5

:

estoy fuerte en idiomas I’m good at languages

6 fig pop

incredible fam ;

¡qué fuerte!, ¡esto es muy fuerte! fam God, this is awful! fam

II adv hard;

hablar fuerte speak loudly;

jugar fuerte bet heavily

III m MIL fort;

hacerse fuerte dig o.s. in

* * *

fuerte adv

1) : strongly, tightly, hard

2) : loudly

3) : abundantly

fuerte adj

1) : strong

2) : intense

un fuerte dolor: an intense pain

3) : loud

4) : extreme, excessive

fuerte nm

1) : fort, stronghold

2) : forte, strong point

* * *

fuerte¹ adj

1. (en general) strong

una persona fuerte a strong person

un sabor muy fuerte a very strong taste

2. (dolor) severe

sentí un fuerte dolor en el costado I felt a severe pain in my side

3. (voz, ruido) loud

4. (golpe) hard

5. (comida) heavy [comp. heavier; superl. heaviest]

6. (imágenes) violent

estar fuerte en algo to be good at something

¡qué fuerte! how awful!

fuerte² adv

1. (con fuerza) hard

le pegó fuerte he hit him hard

está lloviendo fuerte it's raining hard

2. (hablar) loud / loudly

no hables tan fuerte don't talk so loud

3. (sujetar) tight

abrázame fuerte hold me tight

4. (comer)

desayuna fuerte antes de salir have a good breakfast before you leave

fuerte³ n

1. (fortificación) fort

2. (punto sobresaliente) strong point

su fuerte son las mates maths are her strong point

Spanish-English dictionary > fuerte
13 major

['mei‹ə] 1. adjective
(great, or greater, in size, importance etc: major and minor roads; a major discovery.) stor; vigtig
2. noun
1) ((often abbreviated to Maj. when written) the rank next below lieutenant-colonel.) major

2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.) hovedfag
3. verb
((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.) have... som hovedfag

- majority
- major-general
- the age of majority
* * *
['mei‹ə] 1. adjective
(great, or greater, in size, importance etc: major and minor roads; a major discovery.) stor; vigtig
2. noun
1) ((often abbreviated to Maj. when written) the rank next below lieutenant-colonel.) major

2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.) hovedfag
3. verb
((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.) have... som hovedfag

- majority
- major-general
- the age of majority

English-Danish dictionary > major
14 positive

['pozətiv] 1. adjective
1) (meaning or saying `yes': a positive answer; They tested the water for the bacteria and the result was positive (= the bacteria were present).) pozitiven

2) (definite; leaving no doubt: positive proof.) nedvoumen

3) (certain or sure: I'm positive he's right.) prepričan

4) (complete or absolute: His work is a positive disgrace.) popoln

5) (optimistic and prepared to make plans for the future: Take a more positive attitude to life.) samozavesten

6) (not showing any comparison; not comparative or superlative.) osnoven

7) ((of a number etc) greater than zero.) pozitiven

8) (having fewer electrons than normal: In an electrical circuit, electrons flow to the positive terminal.) pozitiven
2. noun
1) (a photographic print, made from a negative, in which light and dark are as normal.) pozitiv

2) ((an adjective or adverb of) the positive (not comparative or superlative) degree.) osnovnik

•

- positiveness
- positively
* * *
I [pɔzitiv]
adjective ( positively adverb)

določen, izrecen (ukaz), jasen, nedvoumen, trden (ponudba, obljuba itd.); brezpogojen, dokončen; resničen, stvaren, konkreten, dejanski; pritrdilen, privolilen; siguren, gotov; samozavesten, trdovraten, svojeglav

philosophy pozitivističen, neskeptičen, empiričen, ki sloni na izkušnjah; pozitiven, ki ima pozitivne lastnosti; colloquially popoln, pravi ( a positive fool pravi norec); mathematics pozitiven ( positive sign znak plus); physics electrical photography pozitiven; medicine pozitiven; philosophy positive philosophy — pozitivizem, pozitivistična filozofija

grammar positive degree — pozitiv, prva stopnja pridevnika

colloquially a positive nuisance — prava nadloga

proof positive — neovrgljiv dokaz

to be positive about s.th. — biti gotov česa, trdno verjeti v kaj
II [pɔzitiv]
noun

grammar photography pozitiv; pozitivnost, pozitivna lastnost

English-Slovenian dictionary > positive
15 Major

1. adjective
1) attrib. (greater) größer...

major part — Großteil, der

2) attrib. (important) bedeutend...; (serious) schwer [Unfall, Krankheit, Unglück, Unruhen]; größer... [Krieg, Angriff, Durchbruch]; schwer, größer... [Operation]

of major interest/importance — von größerem Interesse/von größerer Bedeutung

major road — (important) Hauptverkehrsstraße, die; (having priority) Vorfahrtsstraße, die

3) (Mus.) Dur-

major key/scale/chord — Durtonart, die / Durtonleiter, die / Durakkord, der

C major — C-Dur

in a major key — in Dur
2. noun
1) (Mil.) Major, der

2) (Amer. Univ.) Hauptfach, das
3. intransitive verb
(Amer. Univ.)

major in something — etwas als Hauptfach haben

* * *
['mei‹ə] 1. adjective
(great, or greater, in size, importance etc: major and minor roads; a major discovery.) bedeutend
2. noun
1) ((often abbreviated to Maj. when written) the rank next below lieutenant-colonel.) der Major

2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.)
3. verb
((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.)

- academic.ru/44717/majority">majority
- major-general
- the age of majority
* * *

ma·jor

[ˈmeɪʤəʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. adj inv

1. attr (important) bedeutend, wichtig

a \major contribution ein bedeutender [o wichtiger] Beitrag

a \major event ein bedeutendes Ereignis; (main) Haupt-

\major artery Hauptschlagader f

a \major cause ein Hauptgrund m; (large) groß

your car is going to need a \major overhaul ihr Auto muss von Grund auf überholt werden

a \major catastrophe eine große Katastrophe

the \major disaster of the decade die größte Katastrophe des Jahrzehnts

to be a \major influence großen Einfluss haben

a \major problem ein großes Problem

2. attr (serious)

a \major crime ein schweres Verbrechen

to have \major depression eine starke Depression haben

a \major illness eine schwerwiegende Krankheit

to undergo \major surgery sich akk einer größeren Operation unterziehen

it's quite a \major operation es ist eine ziemlich komplizierte Operation

3. (in music) Dur nt

in C \major in C-Dur

4. after n BRIT ( dated: the older)

Smythe \major Smythe der Ältere

II. n

1. MIL (officer rank) Major(in) m(f)

2. AM, AUS UNIV (primary subject) Hauptfach nt

she was a philosophy \major sie hat Philosophie im Hauptfach studiert

to have a \major in literature/history/maths Literatur/Geschichte/Mathematik als Hauptfach haben

3. (in music) Dur nt

III. vi UNIV

to \major in German studies/physics/biology Deutsch/Physik/Biologie als Hauptfach studieren

* * *
['meɪdZə(r)]
1. adj

1) Haupt-; (= of great importance) bedeutend; cause, factor wesentlich; incident schwerwiegend, schwer wiegend; part, role groß, führend; (POL) party groß, führend; (= of great extent) groß

a major road —

a major factor in our decision/his defeat — ein wesentlicher Faktor bei unserem Entschluss/seiner Niederlage

a major poet —

Sapporo, the major city on Hokkaido — Sapporo, die wichtigste Stadt auf Hokkaido

matters of major interest — Angelegenheiten pl von großem or größerem Interesse

of major importance — von großer or größerer Bedeutung

a major operation — eine größere Operation

a major work of art — ein bedeutendes Kunstwerk

2) (MUS) Dur-

major chord — Durakkord m

major key — Durtonart f

major scale — Durtonleiter f

A major — A-Dur nt

A flat major — As-Dur nt

G sharp major — Gis-Dur

major third — große Terz

3)

Jenkins Major — Jenkins der Ältere

2. n

1) (MIL) Major(in) m(f)

2) (MUS) Dur nt

in the major — in Dur

3) (JUR)

to become a major — volljährig or mündig werden

4) (US: subject) Hauptfach nt

he's a psychology major — Psychologie ist/war sein Hauptfach

3. vi (US)

to major in French — Französisch als Hauptfach studieren, das Examen mit Französisch im Hauptfach ablegen

* * *

Maj. abk MIL Major

* * *
1. adjective
1) attrib. (greater) größer...

major part — Großteil, der

2) attrib. (important) bedeutend...; (serious) schwer [Unfall, Krankheit, Unglück, Unruhen]; größer... [Krieg, Angriff, Durchbruch]; schwer, größer... [Operation]

of major interest/importance — von größerem Interesse/von größerer Bedeutung

major road — (important) Hauptverkehrsstraße, die; (having priority) Vorfahrtsstraße, die

3) (Mus.) Dur-

major key/scale/chord — Durtonart, die / Durtonleiter, die / Durakkord, der

C major — C-Dur

in a major key — in Dur
2. noun
1) (Mil.) Major, der

2) (Amer. Univ.) Hauptfach, das
3. intransitive verb
(Amer. Univ.)

major in something — etwas als Hauptfach haben

* * *

adj.

Haupt- präfix.

größt adj.

hauptsächlich adj. n.

Major -e m.

English-german dictionary > Major
16 major

1. adjective
1) attrib. (greater) größer...

major part — Großteil, der

2) attrib. (important) bedeutend...; (serious) schwer [Unfall, Krankheit, Unglück, Unruhen]; größer... [Krieg, Angriff, Durchbruch]; schwer, größer... [Operation]

of major interest/importance — von größerem Interesse/von größerer Bedeutung

major road — (important) Hauptverkehrsstraße, die; (having priority) Vorfahrtsstraße, die

3) (Mus.) Dur-

major key/scale/chord — Durtonart, die / Durtonleiter, die / Durakkord, der

C major — C-Dur

in a major key — in Dur
2. noun
1) (Mil.) Major, der

2) (Amer. Univ.) Hauptfach, das
3. intransitive verb
(Amer. Univ.)

major in something — etwas als Hauptfach haben

* * *
['mei‹ə] 1. adjective
(great, or greater, in size, importance etc: major and minor roads; a major discovery.) bedeutend
2. noun
1) ((often abbreviated to Maj. when written) the rank next below lieutenant-colonel.) der Major

2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.)
3. verb
((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.)

- academic.ru/44717/majority">majority
- major-general
- the age of majority
* * *

ma·jor

[ˈmeɪʤəʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. adj inv

1. attr (important) bedeutend, wichtig

a \major contribution ein bedeutender [o wichtiger] Beitrag

a \major event ein bedeutendes Ereignis; (main) Haupt-

\major artery Hauptschlagader f

a \major cause ein Hauptgrund m; (large) groß

your car is going to need a \major overhaul ihr Auto muss von Grund auf überholt werden

a \major catastrophe eine große Katastrophe

the \major disaster of the decade die größte Katastrophe des Jahrzehnts

to be a \major influence großen Einfluss haben

a \major problem ein großes Problem

2. attr (serious)

a \major crime ein schweres Verbrechen

to have \major depression eine starke Depression haben

a \major illness eine schwerwiegende Krankheit

to undergo \major surgery sich akk einer größeren Operation unterziehen

it's quite a \major operation es ist eine ziemlich komplizierte Operation

3. (in music) Dur nt

in C \major in C-Dur

4. after n BRIT ( dated: the older)

Smythe \major Smythe der Ältere

II. n

1. MIL (officer rank) Major(in) m(f)

2. AM, AUS UNIV (primary subject) Hauptfach nt

she was a philosophy \major sie hat Philosophie im Hauptfach studiert

to have a \major in literature/history/maths Literatur/Geschichte/Mathematik als Hauptfach haben

3. (in music) Dur nt

III. vi UNIV

to \major in German studies/physics/biology Deutsch/Physik/Biologie als Hauptfach studieren

* * *
['meɪdZə(r)]
1. adj

1) Haupt-; (= of great importance) bedeutend; cause, factor wesentlich; incident schwerwiegend, schwer wiegend; part, role groß, führend; (POL) party groß, führend; (= of great extent) groß

a major road —

a major factor in our decision/his defeat — ein wesentlicher Faktor bei unserem Entschluss/seiner Niederlage

a major poet —

Sapporo, the major city on Hokkaido — Sapporo, die wichtigste Stadt auf Hokkaido

matters of major interest — Angelegenheiten pl von großem or größerem Interesse

of major importance — von großer or größerer Bedeutung

a major operation — eine größere Operation

a major work of art — ein bedeutendes Kunstwerk

2) (MUS) Dur-

major chord — Durakkord m

major key — Durtonart f

major scale — Durtonleiter f

A major — A-Dur nt

A flat major — As-Dur nt

G sharp major — Gis-Dur

major third — große Terz

3)

Jenkins Major — Jenkins der Ältere

2. n

1) (MIL) Major(in) m(f)

2) (MUS) Dur nt

in the major — in Dur

3) (JUR)

to become a major — volljährig or mündig werden

4) (US: subject) Hauptfach nt

he's a psychology major — Psychologie ist/war sein Hauptfach

3. vi (US)

to major in French — Französisch als Hauptfach studieren, das Examen mit Französisch im Hauptfach ablegen

* * *

major [ˈmeıdʒə(r)]

A s

1. MIL Major m

2. UNIV US

a) Hauptfach n

b) Student, der Geschichte etc als Hauptfach belegt hat:

a history major;

she’s a history major sie studiert als oder im Hauptfach Geschichte

3. JUR Volljährige(r) m/f(m), Mündige(r) m/f(m):

become a major volljährig oder mündig werden

4. MUS

a) Dur n

b) Durakkord m

c) Durtonart f

5. Logik:

a) auch major term Oberbegriff m

b) auch major premise Obersatz m

B adj

1. größer(er, e, es) (auch fig an Bedeutung, Interesse etc), fig auch bedeutend, wichtig, schwerwiegend:

major axis MATH Hauptachse f;

major event besonders SPORT Großveranstaltung f;

major illness schwer(er)e Krankheit;

major offensive MIL etc Großoffensive f;

major party POL große Partei;

major penalty (Eishockey) große Strafe;

major poet großer Dichter;

major repairs größere Reparaturen;

major road Haupt(verkehrs)straße f;

major shareholder (bes US stockholder) WIRTSCH Großaktionär(in);

major work Hauptwerk n; → operation 9, order A 20 a

2. Mehrheits…:

major vote die von der Mehrheit abgegebenen Stimmen pl

3. JUR volljährig, mündig

4. MUS

a) groß (Terz etc)

b) Dur…:

C major C-Dur n

5. US Hauptfach…

6. der ältere oder erste:

Cato Major der ältere Cato

C v/i major in UNIV US Geschichte etc als oder im Hauptfach studieren

* * *
1. adjective
1) attrib. (greater) größer...

major part — Großteil, der

2) attrib. (important) bedeutend...; (serious) schwer [Unfall, Krankheit, Unglück, Unruhen]; größer... [Krieg, Angriff, Durchbruch]; schwer, größer... [Operation]

of major interest/importance — von größerem Interesse/von größerer Bedeutung

major road — (important) Hauptverkehrsstraße, die; (having priority) Vorfahrtsstraße, die

3) (Mus.) Dur-

major key/scale/chord — Durtonart, die / Durtonleiter, die / Durakkord, der

C major — C-Dur

in a major key — in Dur
2. noun
1) (Mil.) Major, der

2) (Amer. Univ.) Hauptfach, das
3. intransitive verb
(Amer. Univ.)

major in something — etwas als Hauptfach haben

* * *

adj.

Haupt- präfix.

größt adj.

hauptsächlich adj. n.

Major -e m.

English-german dictionary > major
17 Randall, Sir John Turton

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

[br]

b. 23 March 1905 Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England

d. 16 June 1984 Edinburgh, Scotland

[br]

English physicist and biophysicist, primarily known for the development, with Boot of the cavity magnetron.

[br]

Following secondary education at Ashton-inMakerfield Grammar School, Randall entered Manchester University to read physics, gaining a first class BSc in 1925 and his MSc in 1926. From 1926 to 1937 he was a research physicist at the General Electric Company (GEC) laboratories, where he worked on luminescent powders, following which he became Warren Research Fellow of the Royal Society at Birmingham University, studying electronic processes in luminescent solids. With the outbreak of the Second World War he became an honorary member of the university staff and transferred to a group working on the development of centrimetric radar. With Boot he was responsible for the development of the cavity magnetron, which had a major impact on the development of radar.

When Birmingham resumed its atomic research programme in 1943, Randall became a temporary lecturer at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. The following year he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of St Andrews, but in 1946 he moved again to the Wheatstone Chair of Physics at King's College, London. There his developing interest in biophysical research led to the setting up of a multi-disciplinary group in 1951 to study connective tissues and other biological components, and in 1950– 5 he was joint Editor of Progress in Biophysics. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970 he was Professor of Biophysics at King's College and for most of that time he was also Chairman of the School of Biological Sciences. In addition, for many years he was honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Biophysics Research Unit.

After he retired he returned to Edinburgh and continued to study biological problems in the university zoology laboratory.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1962. FRS 1946. FRS Edinburgh 1972. DSc Manchester 1938. Royal Society of Arts Thomas Gray Memorial Prize 1943. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1946. Franklin Institute John Price Wetherill Medal 1958. City of Pennsylvania John Scott Award 1959. (All jointly with Boot for the cavity magnetron.)

Bibliography

1934, Diffraction of X-Rays by Amorphous Solids, Liquids \& Gases (describes his early work).

1953, editor, Nature \& Structure of Collagen.

1976, with H.Boot, "Historical notes on the cavity magnetron", Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ED-23: 724 (gives an account of the cavity-magnetron development at Birmingham).

Further Reading

M.H.F.Wilkins, "John Turton Randall"—Bio-graphical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, London: Royal Society.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Randall, Sir John Turton
18 major

I 1. ['meɪdʒə(r)]
aggettivo

1) (important) [change, event, role] importante; [damage, crisis] grave; [influence, difference, difficulty] grande

a major operation — med. una grossa operazione

2) (main) principale

3) mus. maggiore

4) BE scol.

Jones major — = il più vecchio tra due studenti che si chiamano Jones
2.
nome

1) mil. maggiore m.

2) AE univ. materia f. di specializzazione

I'm a physics major — mi sto specializzando in fisica

3) dir. maggiorenne m. e f.

4) mus. tono m. maggiore
II ['meɪdʒə(r)]
verbo intransitivo AE univ.

to major in — specializzarsi in

* * *
['mei‹ə] 1. adjective
(great, or greater, in size, importance etc: major and minor roads; a major discovery.) maggiore, più importante
2. noun
1) ((often abbreviated to Maj. when written) the rank next below lieutenant-colonel.) maggiore

2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.)
3. verb
((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.) (studiare come materia principale all'università)

- majority
- major-general
- the age of majority
* * *
major (1) /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/
n.

1 (mil., in GB e in USA) maggiore

2 (aeron. mil., in USA) maggiore (cfr. ingl. squadron leader, sotto squadron)

● Major General, (mil., in GB e in USA) Maggior Generale, ( un tempo) Generale di Divisione; (aeron. mil., in USA) Generale di Divisione Aerea (cfr. ingl. Air Vice Marshal, sotto air).
NOTA D'USO: - major o mayor?- ♦ major (2) /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/
A a.

1 maggiore; più grande; più importante; di primaria importanza; di maggior peso (o rilievo): Milton's major works, le opere maggiori di Milton; the major share of the profits, la maggior parte degli utili; DIALOGO → - Dental fees- Obviously, if there's any major dental work to do that will cost more, naturalmente se fosse necessario un lavoro dentistico più consistente costerà di più; a major disaster, un disastro gravissimo; a major problem, un problema grave; major road, arteria principale; strada maestra; (med.) major surgery, alta chirurgia

2 (geom.) maggiore: major axis, asse maggiore

3 (leg.) maggiorenne

4 (mus.) maggiore: major key [interval, scale], chiave [intervallo, scala] maggiore; concert in G major, concerto in sol maggiore

5 ( un tempo, nelle scuole inglesi; posposto al cognome) il maggiore ( di due studenti con lo stesso cognome, fratelli o no): Smith major, il maggiore dei due Smith

6 (filos.) maggiore: major premise, premessa maggiore

7 ( slang USA) grandioso; favoloso; magnifico; eccezionale; splendido

B n.

1 (leg.) maggiorenne

2 (econ., fin.) major; grande complesso; azienda di enorme importanza

3 (filos.) (la) maggiore; premessa maggiore

4 ( all'università: in USA, Canada, Austral. e NZ) disciplina scelta come prima materia ( in un corso di laurea); ( anche) studente che si specializza in ( una disciplina): a nuclear physics major, uno studente di (o che si specializza in) fisica nucleare

5 (mus.) chiave (o intervallo, scala) maggiore

6 ( baseball, football americano) (pl.) – the majors, le squadre maggiori

● (fin.) major shareholder, azionista principale; azionista di riferimento □ (stor. o scherz.) major-domo, maggiordomo □ (mil., mus.) major drum, tamburo maggiore □ ( nelle università USA, ecc.) major subject, materia di specializzazione □ ( nel bridge) major suit, seme di cuori (o di quadri).

* * *
I 1. ['meɪdʒə(r)]
aggettivo

1) (important) [change, event, role] importante; [damage, crisis] grave; [influence, difference, difficulty] grande

a major operation — med. una grossa operazione

2) (main) principale

3) mus. maggiore

4) BE scol.

Jones major — = il più vecchio tra due studenti che si chiamano Jones
2.
nome

1) mil. maggiore m.

2) AE univ. materia f. di specializzazione

I'm a physics major — mi sto specializzando in fisica

3) dir. maggiorenne m. e f.

4) mus. tono m. maggiore
II ['meɪdʒə(r)]
verbo intransitivo AE univ.

to major in — specializzarsi in

English-Italian dictionary > major
19 Anderson, John

SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 1726 Roseneath, Dumbartonshire, Scotland

d. 13 January 1796

[br]

Scottish natural philosopher.

[br]

Born in Roseneath manse, son of the minister, he was educated after his father's death by an aunt, a Mrs Turner, to whom he later paid back the cost, and was later an officer in the corps that was raised to resist the rebellion of 1745. He studied at Glasgow, where in 1756 he became Professor of Oriental Languages and, in 1760, Professor of Natural Philosophy; he is notable for allowing artisans to attend his lectures in their working clothes. He planned the fortifications set up to defend Greenock in 1759, and was sympathetic with the French Revolution. He invented a cannon in which the recoil was counteracted by the condensation of air in the carriage. After unsuccessfully trying to interest the Government in this gun, he went to Paris in 1791 and offered it to the National Convention. While there he invented a means of smuggling French newspapers into Germany by the use of small balloons. He lost in a lawsuit with the other professors. In 1786 he published Institutes of Physics, which ran to five editions in ten years, and in 1800 he wrote on Roman antiquities. Upon his death he left all his library and apparatus to an educational institute, which was named after him but has now become the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

[br]

Bibliography

1786, Institutes of Physics.

Further Reading

Glasgow Mechanics' Magazine.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Anderson, John
20 principio

m.

1 beginning, start (comienzo).

el principio del fin the beginning of the end

del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish

a principios de at the beginning of

al principio at first, in the beginning

en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday

en un principio at first

2 principle (fundamento, ley).

en principio in principle

por principio on principle

3 origin, source (origen).

4 element (elemento).

principio activo active ingredient

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: principiar.

* * *

principio

► nombre masculino

1 (inicio) beginning, start

■ me voy de vacaciones a principios de mes I'm going on holiday at the beginning of the month

2 (base) principle

3 (moral) principle

■ no tiene principios he has no principles

► nombre masculino plural principios

1 rudiments

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

al principio at first, at the beginning

en principio in principle

* * *

noun m.

1) beginning, outset

2) principle

* * *

SM

1) (=comienzo) beginning

al principio — at first, in the beginning

a principios del verano — at the beginning of the summer, early in the summer

desde el principio — from the first, from the outset

desde el principio hasta el fin — from start to finish, from beginning to end

en un principio — at first, to start with

dar principio a algo — to start sth off

tener principio en algo — to start from sth, be based on sth

2) pl principios (=nociones) rudiments, first notions

"Principios de física" — "Introduction to Physics", "Outline of Physics"

3) (=norma) principle

persona de principios — man of principles

en principio — in principle

por principio — on principle

es inmoral por principio — it is immoral in principle

sin principios — unprincipled

el principio de la legalidad — the force of law, the rule of law

4) (Fil) principle

5) (Quím) element, constituent

principio activo — active ingredient

6) (Culin) entrée

* * *

masculino

1) ( comienzo) beginning

el principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer

a principios de temporada — at the beginning of the season

a principios de siglo — at the turn of the century

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

eso es un buen principio — that's a good start

congeniamos desde el principio — we got along well from the start

al principio — at first

en principio la reunión es el jueves — the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise

en principio estoy de acuerdo — I agree in principle

en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning

2)

a) (concepto, postulado) principle

un principio universalmente aceptado — a universally accepted concept

la teoría parte de un principio erróneo — the theory is based on a false premise

b) ( norma moral) principle

es una mujer de principios — she's a woman of principle

por principio — on principle

* * *

masculino

1) ( comienzo) beginning

el principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer

a principios de temporada — at the beginning of the season

a principios de siglo — at the turn of the century

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

eso es un buen principio — that's a good start

congeniamos desde el principio — we got along well from the start

al principio — at first

en principio la reunión es el jueves — the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise

en principio estoy de acuerdo — I agree in principle

en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning

2)

a) (concepto, postulado) principle

un principio universalmente aceptado — a universally accepted concept

la teoría parte de un principio erróneo — the theory is based on a false premise

b) ( norma moral) principle

es una mujer de principios — she's a woman of principle

por principio — on principle

* * *

el principio

= early days, the

Ex: The new chemical was expensive, and in the early days it was often mishandled; much of the foxing of early nineteenth-century paper was due to inefficient bleaching.

principio¹

¹ = principle, proposition, tenet, canon, touchstone.

Ex: Objective 2 results in what could be described as a collocative catalogue, because a catalogue based on this principle collocates the writings of a particular author.

Ex: They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.

Ex: This attack summarises her main tenets.

Ex: The archetypal canon is of course that of the books of the Bible, which are gathered together in a fixed and unchanging order.

Ex: The touchstone for professional practice are the professional codes of ethics that govern medicine in face-to-face relationships with patients.

* actuar de acuerdo con los principios de Uno = act on + Posesivo + principles.

* adherirse a principios = espouse + principles.

* basado en principios = principled.

* basarse en un principio = base on + principle.

* con principios = principled.

* cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.

* declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.

* defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.

* de principios = principled.

* de principios muy elevados = high-minded.

* en principio = in principle, on principle.

* establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.

* formular un principio = formulate + principle.

* infringir un principio = violate + principle.

* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.

* Los Principios de París = Paris Principles.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* principio constitutivo = constitutive principle.

* principio de actuación = governing principle.

* principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.

* principio de cualificación profesional adecuada para el trabajo en cuestión = principle of rate for the job.

* principio de gratuidad, el = gratis principle, the.

* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.

* principio de la alfabetización literal = file-as-is principle, file-as-is principle.

* principio del escalonamiento = scalar principle.

* principio ético = moral principle.

* principio fundamental = fundamental, principium [principia, -pl.].

* principio moral = moral principle.

* principio orientador = guiding principle.

* principios = philosophy, ethos, morals.

* principios elevados = high-mindedness.

* Principios para la Intercalación Bibliográfica = ISO7154.

* proponer como principio = posit.

* respetar los principios = observe + principles.

* seguir un principio = adopt + convention.

* sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.

* suscribir un principio = subscribe to + principle.

* traicionar los principios de uno mismo = betray + Posesivo + own principles.

* una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.

* violar un principio = violate + principle.

principio²

² = start, eruption, kick-off, startup [start-up], beginning.

Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.

Ex: Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.

Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.

Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.

Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.

* abocado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed to + failure, doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed from + the beginning.

* al principio = at first, at the outset, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], in the early years, originally, to start with, early on, at startup.

* al principio de = at the beginning (of), at the dawn of, at the onset of, early in.

* al principio de la imprenta = early printing.

* al principio y al final = both ends.

* al principio y al final de = at each end of.

* a principios de = in the early + Fecha.

* a principios de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.

* a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.

* comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* comenzar por el principio, empezar desde cero, comen = start from + scratch.

* condenado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the beginning.

* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.

* de principio a fin = from start to finish, gavel to gavel, from beginning to end.

* de principio a fin (documento) = cover to cover.

* desde el principio = from the start, all along, ab initio, from the outset, from the beginning, from the word go, from the word get-go.

* desde el principio de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.

* desde principio a fin = throughout.

* desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.

* el principio de = the dawn of.

* el principio del fin = the beginning of the end.

* el principio de + Mes/Estación = early + Mes/Estación.

* empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* en principio = at first, conceivably, first of all, prima facie.

* en un principio = at an earlier stage, initially, originally, at one time, to begin with.

* fracaso desde el principio = doomed failure.

* hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.

* leer de principio a fin = read + from cover to cover.

* muy al principio = in very early days, at the very outset.

* para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.

* principio, el = early days, the.

* regresar al principio = go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.

* volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.

* * *

principio

masculine

A (comienzo) beginning

el principio del verano early summer, the beginning of summer

empieza por el principio start at the beginning

el principio del fin the beginning of the end

el éxito logrado con su primer libro es un buen principio the success she's had with her first book is a good start, the success of her first book has got her off to a good start

se llegó a un principio de acuerdo en las negociaciones they reached the beginnings of an agreement in the negotiations

congeniamos desde el principio we got along well from the start

leyó el libro desde el principio hasta el final sin parar he read the book from cover to cover o from beginning to end o from start to finish without putting it down

a principios de temporada at the beginning of the season

a principios de siglo at the turn of the century

al principio at first

en un principio se creyó que la Tierra era plana at first o in the beginning people believed the Earth was flat

B

1 (concepto, postulado) principle

es un principio universalmente aceptado it's a universally accepted concept

la teoría parte de un principio erróneo the theory is based on a false premise

en principio la reunión es el jueves the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise o provisionally, the meeting is set for Thursday

en principio estoy de acuerdo, pero no depende sólo de mí I agree in principle, but it isn't only up to me

2 (norma moral) principle

es una cuestión de principios it's a question of principle(s)

es una persona de principios she's a person of principle o a principled person

por principio on principle

Compuestos:

● principio de incertidumbre

uncertainty principle

● principio de indeterminación

uncertainty principle

● principio de placer/realidad

pleasure/reality principle

* * *

Del verbo principiar: ( conjugate principiar)

principio es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

principió es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
principiar
principio
principio sustantivo masculino
1 ( comienzo) beginning;
◊ a principios de temporada at the beginning of the season;

empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
eso es un buen principio that's a good start;
en un or al principio at first, in the beginning
2 (postulado, norma moral) principle;
◊ es una mujer de principios she's a woman of principle;

por principio on principle
principio sustantivo masculino
1 (comienzo) beginning, start: nos hemos perdido el principio de la película, we've missed the beginning of the film
2 (causa, origen) premise, origin
3 (idea fundamental, norma) principle 4 principios, (nociones) rudiments, basics: posee algunos principios de mecánica, she has some rudiments of mechanics
♦ Locuciones: al principio, at first
en principio, in principle
por principio, on principle
' principio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- cien
- empezar
- extrema
- extremo
- frustrarse
- germen
- horterada
- indirecta
- vista
- criterio
- elemental
- por
English:
at
- basically
- begin
- beginning
- cornerstone
- early
- farce
- first
- front
- further
- go
- hear of
- initially
- initiation
- listen
- maybe
- originally
- outset
- policy
- principle
- see
- soon
- start
- stick to
- tenet
- wind back
- from
- out
- right
- throughout
- turn

* * *

principio nm

1. [comienzo] beginning, start;

empieza por el principio start at the beginning;

al principio at first, in the beginning;

desde el principio from the beginning;

se ha llegado a un principio de acuerdo a preliminary agreement has been reached;

a principios de at the beginning of;

en un principio at first;

el principio del fin the beginning of the end;

del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish

2. [fundamento, ley] principle

Comp
principio de Arquímedes Archimedes' principle; Filosofía principio de causalidad causality principle;
principio de incertidumbre uncertainty principle;

principio de indeterminación uncertainty principle;

principio del todo o nada all-or-nothing policy

3. [origen] origin, source

4. [elemento] element

Comp
principio activo active ingredient
5.
principios [reglas de conducta] principles;

un hombre de principios a man of principles;

sin principios unprincipled, unscrupulous;

por principio on principle;

se negó a hacerlo por principios she refused to do it on principle

6.
principios [nociones] rudiments, first principles;

tiene algunos principios de informática she knows a bit about computing

7. [primera consideración]
en principio: en principio, me parece buena la idea in principle, the idea seems good;

en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday

* * *

principio

m

1 ley, moral principle;

en principio in principle;

por principio on principle

2 en tiempo beginning;

a principios de abril at the beginning of April;

al principio, en un principio at first;

el principio del fin the beginning of the end

* * *

principio nm

1) comienzo: beginning

2) : principle

3)

al principio : at first

4)

a principios de : at the beginning of

a principios de agosto: at the beginning of August

5)

en principio : in principle

* * *

principio n

1. (comienzo) beginning

al principio de la película at the beginning of the film

2. (concepto) principle

el principio de aritmética the principles of arithmetics

a principios de... at the beginning of...

al principio at first

Spanish-English dictionary > principio

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